负压给水技术研究初探

我国水资源短缺,发展节水高效农业已成为现代农业可持续发展的必经之路.负压给水技术是一种新型的灌水技术,与传统灌溉方式相比,它具备节水、节能、精准、高效等多项优势.分析了负压给水技术的优点和技术难点,介绍了负压给水的研究进展.     

海河流域冬小麦水分生产率特征分析

以海河流域为研究对象,以农田总供水水分生产率(WUEa)和灌溉水分生产率(WUEi)为评价指标,运用对流域内典型灌区的调查资料,计算了海河流域主要作物冬小麦的用水效率并进行特征分析,得到了其水分生产率的分布和变化规律。结果表明,WUEa在田间尺度上均值为1.50 kg/m3、灌区尺度上均值为0.97kg/m3,WUE在...     

排灌输水隧洞正常水深的简捷算法

为了使标准城门洞形断面正常水深的求解具有简单的显函数计算公式,对标准城门洞形断面正常水深的基本方程进行恒等变形,将水面位于底角圆弧段和顶弧段正常水深的超越方程以及水面位于侧边直线段正常水深的高次方程,变成无量纲化正常水深与已知量综合参数的单变量函数方程.引入准线性函数的概念并将准线性函数作为标准模板,再对正常水深的单变量函数方程应用准线性函数标准模板,在工程常用范围即无量纲化正常水深y∈[0.051,.80]范围内进行优化计算及准线性函数逼近,得到了超越方程和高次方程的替代函数方程,替代函数具有类似于线性函数形式,即正常水深的准线性显函数表达式,并进行误差分析.结果表明,在隧洞底部圆弧段正常水深的最大相对误差小于0.36%,侧边直线段正常水深的最大相对误差小于0.31%,顶弧段正常水深的最大相对误差小于0.39%,说明准线性公式在隧洞有效水深范围内计算的水深准确度较高,可为排灌输水隧洞的断面设计及实现渠道水位控制时确定均匀流水深提供参考.     

关于城市集中供热热网监控系统的设计

本文以实际工程为例,阐述了城市集中供热热网监控系统的基本组成、功能特点;并通过应用热网监控系统保证热网安全,可靠、高效的运行。     

基于协同学的原木供应链体系的协调度

在对黑龙江省森工企业原木供应链问题分析的基础上,引入协同学理论,并分析其在森工企业原木供应链体系中的应用。建立原木供应链子系统协同的序参量方程,寻找影响原木供应链体系效率和效益提高的主导因素,构建原木供应链体系协调度模型。通过对协调度变化趋势的分析得出:1999—2008年,黑龙江省森工企业原木供应链体系财务和业务2个子系统的协调度变化趋势较为混乱,有序性不明显,反映出整个行业的混乱状态;原木供应链体系协调度总体变化趋势相对平稳,但水平较低,变化范围在-0.2～0.2之间,原木供应链组成系统各要素之间在发展过程中彼此的协调程度较低。黑龙江省森工企业应该以新经济时代全新的管理理念指导企业未来的发展,建立适合新形势要求的新型森工企业发展管理模式。     

氮素营养对长白落叶松移植苗生长及养分状况的影响

尽管少数研究认为造林效果与苗木体内氮含量无关甚至负相关(Gleason et al.,1990;Boinvin et al.,2004),更多的研究表明初始氮含量与造林效果呈正相关,如蓝桉(Eucalyptus globulus)高、低氮处     

地热吸收式热泵在农村供热中的应用

本文针对中低温地热水,力求实现梯级利用,提高热利用率,探讨了以中低温地热水作热源的(驱动热源)第Ⅱ类吸收式热泵供热装置,提出了几种可能的方案。文中讨论了第Ⅱ类热泵的工作原理,介绍了本研究装置的系统,提出评价这类热泵的性能指标(当量供热系数)。并以氨·水工质为例,进行了计算。结果表明,这种装置具有较好的供热性能和高的热能利用率。     

陕西黄土高原地区退耕与粮食补助模式研究

在陕西黄土高原地区分区基础上 ,对各区未来 2 0年粮食供需状况进行预测 ,并根据未来粮食供需形势 ,选择了陕西黄土高原地区最优的退耕和粮食补助模式     

Extraction of soil nitrogen by chloroform fumigation – A new index for the evaluation of soil nitrogen supply

The N extracted after chloroform (CHCl₃) fumigation was determined as a possible index of soil N supply to plants. The relationships between extractable N following fumigation and reference indices such as total N, alkali-hydrolyzable N, N released by the Stanford short-term incubation method, and the N extracted by KCl and by CaCl₂, were measured in nine soils of differing soil N supply capacity. A highly significant correlation was achieved between the extractable N released by fumigation and the N released by the Stanford method, i.e. a short-term aerobic incubation (r = 0.87). Similarly, the correlation between extractable N by fumigation and the N uptake by ryegrass was highly statistically significant (r = 0.93). Using the N extracted following fumigation has the advantage that laboratory results are available in two days and are both reproducible and of high precision. Therefore, the N extracted following fumigation is a valid, timesaving and precise index of soil N supply capacity.     

Cost structure of and competition for forest-based biomass

Abstract

Biomass has become a popular alternative to satisfy expanding energy demand and as a substitute for fossil fuels and phased-out nuclear energy in Europe. The European Union White Paper stipulates that the utilization of biomass shall increase to 1566 TWh by 2010. However it is often overlooked that the forest resources are already, to a large extent, used by the forest industries. When promoting biomass for energy generation the consequences for the forest industries also need to be considered. Sweden is an excellent case study, as there are vast quantities of forest resources, nuclear power is starting to be phased out, there are restrictions on expanding hydropower and the political desire exists to “set an example” with respect to carbon dioxide emissions. This paper attempts to estimate and analyse the supply of two types of forest resource, namely, roundwood and harvesting residues derived from final harvesting and commercial thinnings. Two separate supply curves are estimated: one for roundwood and one for harvesting residues. The cost structure is based on an economic-engineering approach where the separate cost components are constructed from the lowest cost element into aggregates for labour, capital, materials and overhead costs for each forest resource. The results indicate an unutilized economic supply of 12 TWh of harvesting residues in Sweden. However, after these 12 TWh have been recovered it becomes more profitable to use roundwood for energy purposes than to continue extracting further amounts of harvesting residues.